The "fight or flight" response is controlled by which gland(s)?

The adrenal glands are crucial in controlling the "fight or flight" response due to their role in producing hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol. When a person perceives a threat, the adrenal glands release these hormones into the bloodstream, leading to physiological changes that prepare the body to either confront or escape the danger. These changes include increased heart rate, heightened alertness, and energy surge, all of which are essential for responding effectively to stressful situations.

The pituitary glands regulate various endocrine functions, but they do not directly manage the "fight or flight" mechanism; instead, they signal the adrenal glands to release hormones. The thyroid glands primarily regulate metabolism and energy levels, while the pancreas is mainly involved in digestion and blood sugar control. Therefore, the adrenal glands are uniquely equipped to orchestrate the body's immediate response to stress, making them the correct answer.